exam101

Exam 101 Objectives - Release

Exam 101: 詳細測驗目標
LPI Level 1 認證的考試內容，它包含各種Linux的套件中的基本系統管理技巧。

每一個主題都分配了一個相當的重要值。這個重要值的範圍從1到10，也就可指出每一個主題相關的重要性。主題的重要值若比較高，那在考試中就會出現較多的題目。

主題 101: 電腦硬體和內部結構：
1.101.1 BIOS的基本設定與校調
Modified: 2001-Dec-07 11:47:21 UTC
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 1

說明:考生應有可透過正確設定電腦系統的BIOS來調配基本系統硬體的能力．這個主題包含必須了解BIOS的設定功能，例如超過1024磁柱的IDE硬碟邏輯磁區的使用方式，或者決定是否將磁區合併或分離及其它延伸的系統設定，例如鍵盤．這其中包含正確的IRQ、DMA和I/O位址設定及BIOS連接埠的管理及相關錯誤訊息的處理．

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:

/proc/ioports
/proc/interrupts
/proc/dma
/proc/pci

1.101.3 設定數據機和音效卡：
Modified: 2001-Aug-20 12:22:38 UTC
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 1
說明:確定各種介面是否合乎需求(尤其不是windows專用的數據機)，並注意數據機和音效卡是否使用單一而且正確的IRQ's、IO和DMA的位址，如果音效卡有支援PnP的功能，那可執行sndconfig和isapnp來設定數據機撥接時的傳輸速率；設定PPP|SLIP|CSLIP可對外撥接序列埠的傳輸速率為115.2Kbps。

1.101.4 SCSI設備安裝設定：
Modified: 2001-Dec-07 11:48:05 UTC
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 1
說明：考生可同使用Linux工具一樣，利用SCSI BIOS來設定SCSI設備的能力。並且要能區別各種不同類別的SCSI設備。這個主題包括要具維護SCSI BIOS的可正常偵測和設定SCSI IDs的功能，並且能針對不同的設備來設定ID number的正確性，尤其是開機功能的選項設定。當同時使用到SCSI和IDE的設備時，也就是除電腦本身的BIOS之外，可以用來決定所欲開機的順序。

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:

SCSI ID
/proc/scsi/
scsi_info

1.101.5 電腦擴充卡的安裝與設定：
Modified: 2001-Dec-07 12:52:12 UTC
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 3
說明：考生必須具備可設定電腦中不同的擴充插卡的能力；也就是必須了解ISA和PCI卡之間不同的設定任務。這個主題包含要可設定各種擴充卡上的正確IRQs、DMAs和I/O埠，尤其在擴充卡之間的設定要能避免掉相互衝突。如果此擴充卡為ISA PnP的設備時可利用isapnp來做設定。

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:

/proc/dma
/proc/interrupts
/proc/ioports
/proc/pci
pnpdump(8)
isapnp(8)
lspci(8)

1.101.6 通訊介面設備的設定：
Modified: 2001-Dec-07 11:51:11 UTC
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 1

說明：考生應具備安裝及設定不同插卡或外接的通訊介面設備的能力。例如：數據機、ISDN或是DSL的設備。這個主題包含要能辦識各種不同通訊設備的需求環境(尤其不是windows專用的數據機)，且要能設定其介面設備內部的參數(IRQs、DMAs、I/O ports)及裝置設定、合適的趨動程式。這些通訊設備和介面設定需求包含：設定正確可對外使用PPP連線和115.2Kbps的頻率的並列埠設定。

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:

/proc/dma
/proc/interrupts
/proc/ioports
setserial(8)

1.101.7 USB介面設備的設定：
Modified: 2001-Dec-07 11:53:10 UTC
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 1
說明：考生應有能力可使支援USB的設備可正常運作，並能設定不同的USB設備。這個主題包含能正確的挑選USB晶片組和相對應的模組。這包含要能了解USB的階層模組，和在不同階層中不同模組中的基本架構知識．

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:

lspci(8)
usb-uhci.o
usb-ohci.o
/etc/usbmgr/
usbmodules
/etc/hotplug

*Topic 102: Linux Installation & Package Management
1.102.1 磁碟設計規劃：
Modified: 2001-Dec-07 12:06:11 UTC
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 5

說明：考生應具有對Linux系統的磁碟設計規劃能力，這個主題包含可在不同的磁碟或磁區來安排檔案格式及分配磁區和swap空間，和合併並且可針對欲將使用的系統做規劃；包含安置 /boot 的磁區並確定 BIOS 的開機環境．

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:

/ (root) filesystem
/var filesystem
/home filesystem
swap space
mount points
partitions
cylinder 1024

1.102.2 安裝開機管理：
Modified: 2001-Dec-07 12:08:20 UTC
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 1

說明：考生須具有選擇、安裝和設定開機管理的能力．這個主題包含可提供一個可供選擇開機和備份選項的功能．(例如：使用磁片開機)．

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:

/etc/lilo.conf
/boot/grub/grub.conf
lilo
grub-install
MBR
superblock
first stage boot loader

1.102.3 原始碼程式的編譯及安裝：
Modified: 2001-Dec-07 12:11:03 UTC
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 5

說明: 考生應可執行的原始檔的編譯及安裝．這個主題包括要能解開原始檔的檔案．考生也應該要能定做一個簡單的編譯檔，例如：更改路徑或加入其他的目錄．

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:

gunzip
gzip
bzip2
tar
configure
make

1.102.4 函式庫的管理：
Modified: 2001-Dec-07 12:12:32 UTC
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 3

說明：考生應可決定在安裝或其他需要在執行程式時所應分享的函式庫，考生應可知道系統函式庫相關路徑和如何保存系統函式庫．

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:

ldd
ldconfig
/etc/ld.so.conf
LD_LIBRARY_PATH

1.102.5 運用Debian的套件管理：
Modified: 2001-Dec-07 12:14:31 UTC
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 8

說明：考生應有能力可執行Debian的套件管理．這個主題包含不但要有能力去使用命令列和相關的工具來安裝、升級或是反安裝套件，而且要能在套件中找尋特定檔案或軟體(例如：判斷套件是否可安裝)．並且這個主題也包含了要可從套件中查詢得知套件的版本、內容、及相依性，和套件完整性及安裝的狀態(套件是否已被安裝於系統)．

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:
unpack
configure

/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg
/var/lib/dpkg/*
/etc/apt/apt.conf
/etc/apt/sources.list
dpkg
dselect
dpkg-reconfigure
apt-get
alien

1.102.6 RedHat的套件管理：
Modified: 2001-Dec-07 12:15:57 UTC
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 8

說明：考生應要有能力處理各種Linux套件上的RPMs套件管理，這個主題包含了不但要有能力可以安裝及覆蓋安裝、升級和移除套件，而且要能了解套件的內容及版本資訊．這個主題也包含了要能得知套件的各個資訊，例如：套件版本、狀態、相依性、完整性及數位簽名．考生應用能力去判斷套件中的那些檔案是必須的以及得知套件是由那些檔案組合而成的．

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:

/etc/rpmrc
/usr/lib/rpm/*
rpm
grep

*Topic: 103 GNU & Unix Commands
1.103.1 在工作列上執行命令：
Modified: 2001-Dec-11 05:51:39 UTC
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 5

說明：考生應可在命令列上使用Shell和命令產生相互作用的能力．這包含了可以執行有效的命令指令和連續的指令；定義、提交和輸出環境的參數，並且可以使用命令回顧和編輯的能力，以及呼叫在預設路徑或路徑之外的命令並且亦可經由目錄路徑一層一層遞歸的方式來取代指令及使用man去找尋指令的相關資訊．

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:

.
bash
echo
env
exec
export
man
pwd
set
unset
~/.bash_history
~/.profile

1.103.2 使用過濾器來處理文字檔案：
Modified: 2001-Dec-11 05:52:06 UTC
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 6

說明：考生應有能力去使用過濾器來處理文字檔案的能力．這個任務包含可以使用過濾器編輯功能來對文字檔案來做傳送及輸出檔案的功能並且可以使用GNU文字工具套件上的標準UNIX命令．

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:

cat
cut
expand
fmt
head
join
nl
od
paste
pr
sed
sort
split
tac
tail
tr
unexpand
uniq
wc

1.103.3 基本檔案管理：
Modified: 2001-Dec-11 05:52:52 UTC
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 3

說明：考生應有能力使用基本UNIX命令：複製、搬移、移除檔案和目錄．這個任務包含較進階的檔案管理的操作技巧，例如：遞歸的複製大量的檔案及移除多個目錄，並且使用萬用字元去搬移符合特定規則的檔案．這包含了對一些特定檔案使用簡單或較高級的萬用字元的用法，並且也可使用find配合一些參數，如：檔案類型、大小及建檔的時間，去找出一些特定的檔案．

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:

cp
find
mkdir
mv
ls
rm
rmdir
touch
file globbing

1.103.4 使用streams、管線命令和重導命令：
Modified: 2001-Dec-11 05:53:17 UTC
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 5

說明：考生應具可使用可連接的重導命令來有效的處理原文的檔案．這個任務包含重導命令的標準輸入、標準輸出和標準錯誤，以及管線命令的運用：一個命令的輸出是為另一個命令輸入；一個命令的輸出就有如是是另一個命令輸入的參數，最後可輸出為一個檔案．

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:

tee
xargs
<
<<
>
>>
|
` `

1.103.5 建立、監控和刪除程序：
Modified: 2001-Dec-11 05:53:54 UTC
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
說明：考生應有能力可管理系統中的程序．這包含了要能知道系統的前景和背景中是在執行什麼工作，並且可把背景的工作帶到前景，以及在登出之後沒使用到終端機來送出訊號時程序仍可執行．這個任務包含可監控正在執行的程序，挑選並顯示排序的程序，並可以對任一程序送出訊號，刪除程序、定義和刪除X應用軟體，而在刪除X應用軟體後系統亦不會造成當機．

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:

&
bg
fg
jobs
kill
nohup
ps
top

1.103.6 修改程序執行的優先順序:
Modified: 2001-Dec-11 05:54:20 UTC
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 3

說明: 考生應有能力去管理程序執行時的優先順序。這個任務包含執行一個程式是否具有較高或較低的優先順序，以及可決定程序的優先順序和可改變一個正在執行的程序的優先順序。

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:

nice
ps
renice
top

1.103.7 使用正規表示法來搜尋文字、檔案:
Modified: 2001-Dec-11 05:54:55 UTC
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 3

說明: 考生應可使用正規表示法來輕易管理檔案及文字資料。這個主題包含要能運用一些標誌的元素來構成一個簡單的正規表示法。這包含使用正規表示法工具來執行檔案或文字內容的搜尋動作。

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:

grep
regexp
sed

1.103.8 使用vi來對檔案做基本編輯：
Modified: 2001-Dec-11 05:55:34 UTC
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 1

說明：考生應有使用vi對檔案進行編輯的能力。這個主題包含可使用vi編輯器來檢視檔案、做一些基本的操作：插入、編輯、複製或尋找特定字元的使用技巧。

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:

vi
/, ?
h,j,k,l
G, H, L
i, c, d, dd, p, o, a
ZZ, :w!, :q!, :e!
:!

*Topic 104: Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
1.104.1 建立分割區及檔案系統：
Modified: 2001-Dec-07 12:24:47 UTC
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 3

說明：考生應有能力可在硬碟等儲存媒體上配置磁碟分割區並建立檔案系統。這個主題包含應可使用各種的mkfs命令去設定磁區為各式各樣的檔案系統，包含ext2,ext3,reiserfs,vgat和xfs的檔案系統。

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:

fdisk
mkfs

1.104.2 維護檔案系統的完整：
Modified: 2001-Dec-20 17:25:56 UTC
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 3

說明：考生應可查證檔案系統的完整，監控硬碟空間和inode的狀況，並且可以修護簡單的檔案系統問題。這個主題包含維護一個檔案系統所能運用的命令，以及可將一些多餘的資料整合為一個 journaling的檔案系統。

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:

du
df
fsck
e2fsck
mke2fs
debugfs
dumpe2fs
tune2fs

1.104.3 裝置和御載檔案系統：
Modified: 2001-Dec-07 12:27:19 UTC
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 3

說明：考生應有能力裝置一個檔案系統。這個主題包含有能力去手動的裝置和御載檔案系統，並能在開機時設定開機時能起動裝置，而且也可以裝置可移動裝置的檔案系統，例如：磁帶機、軟碟機和光碟機。

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:

/etc/fstab
mount
umount

1.104.4 磁碟配額的管理:
Modified: 2001-Dec-07 12:28:18 UTC
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 3

Description: 考生應有能力去針對每一個使用者來管理磁碟配額。這個主題包含可以為一個檔案系統設置一個磁碟配額，並可對其做編輯，檢查和產生使用者磁碟配額的報告。

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:

quota
edquota
repquota
quotaon

1.104.5 使用權限來控制檔案的存取：
Modified: 2001-Dec-07 12:29:11 UTC
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 5

說明：　考生應有能力使用權限來控制檔案是否可存取。這一個主題包含對一些特定檔案和目錄可以控制存取的能力。也包含了運用suid、sgid和sticky bit的設定，亦可利用工作群組的方式以群組來控制對檔案的存取能力和了解檔案預設的權限設定。

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:

chmod
umask
chattr

1.104.6 Manage file ownership
Modified: 2001-Dec-07 12:30:14 UTC
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
重要值: 1

* Description: Candidates should be able to control user and group ownership of files. This objective includes the ability to change the user and group owner of a file as well as the default group owner for new files.

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:

chmod
chown
chgrp

1.104.7 建立、更改硬、軟式連結檔：
Modified: 2001-Dec-07 12:30:49 UTC
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 1

說明：考生應有能力對一個檔案來建立和管理硬式連結檔和軟式連結檔。這個主題包含要能建立和定義這些連結，以及透過連結來複製檔案和使用連結檔來支援系統管理者的任務。

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:

1.104.8 尋找系統檔案和定位出正確路徑位置：
Modified: 2001-Dec-07 12:31:28 UTC
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 5

說明：考生應熟悉檔案系統的分級制度標準，包含檔案的位置和目錄的類別。這個主題包含要有能力可在Linux系統中來尋找檔案和指令。

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:

find
locate
slocate
updatedb
whereis
which
/etc/updatedb.conf

*Topic 110: The X Window System
1.110.1 安裝設定XFree86：
Modified: 2001-Dec-11 05:03:51 UTC
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 5
說明：考生應有能力設定及安裝 X 和 X font server。這個主題包含要能確認 X Server 是否有支援顯示卡和螢幕，並且可以對其設定作微調的設定調整。這也包含安裝 X font server，安裝字型和定義 font server 所使用的字型(可能會需要手動編輯/etc/X11/XF86Config 這個"Files"的設定項目)。

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:

XF86Setup
xf86config
xvidtune
/etc/X11/XF86Config
.Xresources

1.110.2 安裝視窗管理介面
Modified: 2001-Dec-20 17:28:34 UTC
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 3
說明：考生應有能力安裝及設定一個視窗管理介面。這個主題包含要有能力來設定啟動及停止管理介面，並可更改管理介面的歡迎畫面，同時也包含要能更改管理介面的預設值。同時也要能使用各種的管理介面來做系統管理，而這些管理工具－XDM (X Display Manger)、GDM（Gnome Display Manger）和KDM（KDE Display Manger）。

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:

/etc/inittab
/etc/X11/xdm/*
/etc/X11/kdm/*
/etc/X11/gdm/*

1.110.4 安裝、設定視窗管理介面的環境
Modified: 2001-Dec-11 05:08:36 UTC
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 5
說明：考生應有能力去設置一個廣泛系統的桌面環境和視窗管理介面以過視窗的選單和桌面面板選單來處理一些己知的操作作業程序。這個主題包含選擇和定製一個x系統終端機（xterm, rxvt, aterm　等等。）並可證明和解決一些在 X 的應用軟體解上函式庫的相依性問題，最後可以定製出一個 X 視窗的工作站。

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:

.xinitrc
.Xdefaults
xhost
DISPLAY environment variable

Exam 102 Objectives (Release 2)

*Exam 102: Detailed Objectives
* This is a required exam for LPI certification Level 1. It covers basic system administration skills that are common across all distributions of linux.

* Each objective is assigned a weighting value. The weights range roughly from 1 to 10, and indicate the relative importance of each objective. Objectives with higher weights will be covered in the exam with more questions.

*Topic 105: Kernel

1.105.1 執行期的核心與核心模組的管理/查詢
最後更新日期: 2003-Mar-17
維修員: Kara Pritchard
權重: 4

* Description: Candidates should be able to manage and/or query a kernel and kernel loadable modules. This objective includes using command-line utilities to get information about the currently running kernel and kernel modules. It also includes manually loading and unloading modules as appropriate. It also includes being able to determine when modules can be unloaded and what parameters a module accepts. Candidates should be able to configure the system to load modules by names other than their file name.

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:

/lib/modules/kernel-version/modules.dep
/etc/modules.conf & /etc/conf.modules
depmod
insmod
lsmod
rmmod
modinfo
modprobe
uname

* 1.105.2 Reconfigure, build, and install a custom kernel and kernel modules
Modified: 2003-Mar-17
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 3

* Description: Candidates should be able to customize, build, and install a kernel and kernel loadable modules from source This objective includes customizing the current kernel configuration, building a new kernel, and building kernel modules as appropriate. It also includes installing the new kernel as well as any modules, and ensuring that the boot manager can locate the new kernel and associated files (generally located under /boot, see objective 1.102.2 for more details about boot manager configuration).

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:
/usr/src/linux/*
/usr/src/linux/.config
/lib/modules/kernel-version/*
/boot/*
make
make targets: config, menuconfig, xconfig, oldconfig, modules, install, modules_install, depmod

*Topic 106: Topic 106 Boot, Initialization, Shutdown and Runlevels

* 1.106.1 Boot the system
Modified: 2003-Mar-17
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 3
* Description: Candidates should be able to guide the system through the booting process. This includes giving commands to the boot loader and giving options to the kernel at boot time, and checking the events in the log files.

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:
/var/log/messages
/etc/conf.modules or /etc/modules.conf
dmesg
LILO
GRUB

* 1.106.2 Change runlevels and shutdown or reboot system
Modified: 2003-Mar-17
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 3
* Description: Candidates should be able to manage the runlevel of the system. This objective includes changing to single user mode, shutdown or rebooting the system. Candidates should be able to alert users before switching runlevel, and properly terminate processes. This objective also includes setting the default runlevel.

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:
/etc/inittab
shutdown
init

*Topic 107: Printing

* 1.107.2 Manage printers and print queues
Modified: 2003-Mar-17
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 1
* Description: Candidates should be able to manage print queues and user print jobs. This objective includes monitoring print server and user print queues and troubleshooting general printing problems.

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:
/etc/printcap
lpc
lpq
lprm
lp

* 1.107.3 Print files
Modified: 2003-Mar-17
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight:1
* Description: Candidates should be able to manage print queues and manipulate print jobs. This objective includes adding and removing jobs from configured printer queues and converting text files to postscript for printing.

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:
lpr
lpq
mpage

* 1.107.4 Install and configure local and remote printers
Modified: 2003-Mar-17
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 1
* Candidate should be able to install a printer daemon, install and configure a print filter (e.g.: apsfilter, magicfilter). This objective includes making local and remote printers accessible for a Linux system, including postscript, non-postscript, and Samba printers.

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:
/etc/printcap
/etc/apsfilter/*
/var/lib/apsfilter/*/
/etc/magicfilter/*/
/var/spool/lpd/*/
lpd

*Topic 108: Documentation

* 1.108.1 Use and manage local system documentation
Modified: 2003-Mar-17
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 4
* Candidates should be able to use and administer the man facility and the material in /usr/share/doc/. This objective includes finding relevant man pages, searching man page sections, finding commands and man pages related to them, and configuring access to man sources and the man system. It also includes using system documentation stored in /usr/share/doc/ and determining what documentation to keep in /usr/share/doc/.

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:
MANPATH man
apropos
whatis

* 1.108.2 Find Linux documentation on the Internet
Modified: 2003-Mar-17
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 3
* Description: Candidates should be able to find and use Linux documentation. This objective includes using Linux documentation at sources such as the Linux Documentation Project (LDP), vendor and third-party websites, newsgroups, newsgroup archives, and mailing lists.

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:
not applicable

* 1.108.5 Notify users on system-related issues
Modified: 2003-Mar-17
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 1
* Description: Candidates should be able to notify the users about current issues related to the system. This objective includes automating the communication process, e.g. through logon messages.

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:
/etc/issue
/etc/issue.net
/etc/motd

*Topic 109: Shells, Scripting, Programming and Compiling

* 1.109.1 Customize and use the shell environment
Modified: 2003-Mar-17
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 5
* Description: Candidate should be able to customize shell environments to meet users' needs. This objective includes setting environment variables (e.g. PATH) at login or when spawning a new shell. It also includes writing bash functions for frequently used sequences of commands.

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:
~/.bash_profile
~/.bash_login
~/.profile
~/.bashrc
~/.bash_logout
~/.inputrc
function (Bash built-in command)
export
env
set (Bash built-in command)
unset (Bash built-in command)

* 1.109.2 Customize or write simple scripts
Modified: 2003-Mar-17
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 3
* Description: Candidate should be able to customize existing scripts, or write simple new (ba)sh scripts. This objective includes using standard sh syntax (loops, tests), using command substitution, testing command return values, testing of file status, and conditional mailing to the superuser. This objective also includes making sure the correct interpreter is called on the first (#!) line of scripts. This objective also includes managing location, ownership, execution and suid-rights of scripts.

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:
while
for
test
chmod

*Topic 111: Administrative Tasks

* 1.111.1 Manage users and group accounts and related system files
Modified: 2003-Mar-17
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 4
* Description: Candidate should be able to add, remove, suspend and change user accounts. Tasks include to add and remove groups, to change user/group info in passwd/group databases. The objective also includes creating special purpose and limited accounts.

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:
/etc/passwd
/etc/shadow
/etc/group
/etc/gshadow
chage
gpasswd
groupadd
groupdel
groupmod
grpconv
grpunconv
passwd
pwconv
pwunconv
useradd
userdel
usermod

* 1.111.2 Tune the user environment and system environment variables
Modified: 2003-Mar-17
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 3
* Description: Candidate should be able to modify global and user profiles. This includes setting environment variables, maintaining skel directories for new user accounts and setting command search path with the proper directory.

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:
/etc/profile
/etc/skel
env
export
set
unset

* 1.111.3 Configure and use system log files to meet administrative and security needs
Modified: 2003-Mar-17
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 3
* Description: Candidate should be able to configure system logs. This objective includes managing the type and level of information logged, manually scanning log files for notable activity, monitoring log files, arranging for automatic rotation and archiving of logs and tracking down problems noted in logs.

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:
/etc/syslog.conf
/var/log/*
logrotate
tail -f

* 1.111.4 Automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs to run in the future
Modified: 2003-Mar-17
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 4
* Description: Candidate should be able to use cron or anacron to run jobs at regular intervals and to use at to run jobs at a specific time. Task include managing cron and at jobs and configuring user access to cron and at services.

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:
/etc/anacrontab
/etc/at.deny
/etc/at.allow
/etc/crontab
/etc/cron.allow
/etc/cron.deny
/var/spool/cron/*
at
atq
atrm
crontab

* 1.111.5 Maintain an effective data backup strategy
Modified: 2003-Mar-17
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 3 Description:
* Candidate should be able to plan a backup strategy and backup filesystems automatically to various media. Tasks include dumping a raw device to a file or vice versa, performing partial and manual backups, verifying the integrity of backup files and partially or fully restoring backups.

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:
cpio
dd
dump
restore
tar

* 1.111.6 Maintain system time
Modified: 2003-Mar-17
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 4
* Description: Candidate should be able to properly maintain the system time and synchronize the clock over NTP. Tasks include setting the system date and time, setting the BIOS clock to the correct time in UTC, configuring the correct timezone for the system and configuring the system to correct clock drift to match NTP clock.

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:
/usr/share/zoneinfo
/etc/timezone
/etc/localtime
/etc/ntp.conf
/etc/ntp.drift
date
hwclock
ntpd
ntpdate

*Topic 112: Networking Fundamentals

* 1.112.1 Fundamentals of TCP/IP
Modified: 2003-Mar-17
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 4
* Description: Candidates should demonstrate a proper understanding of network fundamentals. This objective includes the understanding of IP-addresses, network masks and what they mean (i.e. determine a network and broadcast address for a host based on its subnet mask in "dotted quad" or abbreviated notation or determine the network address, broadcast address and netmask when given an IP-address and number of bits). It also covers the understanding of the network classes and classless subnets (CIDR) and the reserved addresses for private network use. It includes the understanding of the function and application of a default route. It also includes the understanding of basic internet protocols (IP, ICMP, TCP, UDP) and the more common TCP and UDP ports (20, 21, 23, 25, 53, 80, 110, 119, 139, 143, 161).

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:
/etc/services
ftp
telnet
host
ping
dig
traceroute
whois

* 1.112.3 TCP/IP configuration and troubleshooting
Modified: 2003-Mar-17
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 7
* Description: Candidates should be able to view, change and verify configuration settings and operational status for various network interfaces. This objective includes manual and automatic configuration of interfaces and routing tables. This especially means to add, start, stop, restart, delete or reconfigure network interfaces. It also means to change, view or configure the routing table and to correct an improperly set default route manually. Candidates should be able to configure Linux as a DHCP client and a TCP/IP host and to debug problems associated with the network configuration.

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:
/etc/HOSTNAME or /etc/hostname
/etc/hosts
/etc/networks
/etc/host.conf
/etc/resolv.conf
/etc/nsswitch.conf
ifconfig
route
dhcpcd, dhcpclient, pump
host
hostname (domainname, dnsdomainname)
netstat
ping
traceroute
tcpdump
the network scripts run during system initialization.

* 1.112.4 Configure Linux as a PPP client
Modified: 2003-Mar-17
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 3
* Description: Candidates should understand the basics of the PPP protocol and be able to configure and use PPP for outbound connections. This objective includes the definition of the chat sequence to connect (given a login example) and the setup commands to be run automatically when a PPP connection is made. It also includes initialisation and termination of a PPP connection, with a modem, ISDN or ADSL and setting PPP to automatically reconnect if disconnected.

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:
/etc/ppp/options.*
/etc/ppp/peers/*
/etc/wvdial.conf
/etc/ppp/ip-up
/etc/ppp/ip-down
wvdial
pppd

*Topic 113: Networking Services

* 1.113.1 Configure and manage inetd, xinetd, and related services
Modified: 2003-Mar-17
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 4
* Description: Candidates should be able to configure which services are available through inetd, use tcpwrappers to allow or deny services on a host-by-host basis, manually start, stop, and restart internet services, configure basic network services including telnet and ftp. Set a service to run as another user instead of the default in inetd.conf.

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:
/etc/inetd.conf
/etc/hosts.allow
/etc/hosts.deny
/etc/services
/etc/xinetd.conf
/etc/xinetd.log

* 1.113.2 Operate and perform basic configuration of sendmail
Modified: 2003-Mar-17
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 4
* Description: Candidate should be able to modify simple parameters in sendmail configuration files (including the "Smart Host" parameter, if necessary), create mail aliases, manage the mail queue, start and stop sendmail, configure mail forwarding and perform basic troubleshooting of sendmail. The objective includes checking for and closing open relay on the mailserver. It does not include advanced custom configuration of Sendmail.

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:
/etc/aliases or /etc/mail/aliases
/etc/mail/*
~/.forward
mailq
sendmail
newaliases

* 1.113.3 Operate and perform basic configuration of Apache
Modified: 2003-Mar-17
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 4
* Description: Candidates should be able to modify simple parameters in Apache configuration files, start, stop, and restart httpd, arrange for automatic restarting of httpd upon boot. Does not include advanced custom configuration of Apache.

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:
httpd.conf
apachectl
httpd

* 1.113.4 Properly manage the NFS, smb, and nmb daemons
Modified: 2003-Mar-17
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 4
* Description: Candidate should know how to mount remote filesystems using NFS, configure NFS for exporting local filesystems, start, stop, and restart the NFS server. Install and configure Samba using the included GUI tools or direct edit of the /etc/smb.conf file (Note: this deliberately excludes advanced NT domain issues but includes simple sharing of home directories and printers, as well as correctly setting the nmbd as a WINS client).

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:
/etc/exports
/etc/fstab
/etc/smb.conf
mount
umount

* 1.113.5 Setup and configure basic DNS services
Modified: 2003-Mar-17
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 4
* Description: Candidate should be able to configure hostname lookups and troubleshoot problems with local caching-only name server. Requires an understanding of the domain registration and DNS translation process. Requires understanding key differences in configuration files for bind 4 and bind 8.

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:
/etc/hosts
/etc/resolv.conf
/etc/nsswitch.conf
/etc/named.boot (v.4) or /etc/named.conf (v.8)
named

* 1.113.7 Set up secure shell (OpenSSH)
Modified: 2003-Mar-17
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 4
* Description: The candidate should be able to obtain and configure OpenSSH. This objective includes basic OpenSSH installation and troubleshooting, as well as configuring sshd to start at system boot..

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:
/etc/hosts.allow
/etc/hosts.deny
/etc/nologin
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
/etc/ssh_known_hosts
/etc/sshrc
sshd
ssh-keygen

*Topic 114: Security

* 1.114.1 Perform security administration tasks
Modified: 2003-Mar-17
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 4
* Description: Candidates should know how to review system configuration to ensure host security in accordance with local security policies. This objective includes how to configure TCP wrappers, find files with SUID/SGID bit set, verify packages, set or change user passwords and password aging information, update binaries as recommended by CERT, BUGTRAQ, and/or distribution's security alerts. Includes basic knowledge of ipchains and iptables.

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:
/proc/net/ip_fwchains
/proc/net/ip_fwnames
/proc/net/ip_masquerade
find
ipchains
passwd
socket
iptables

* 1.114.2 Setup host security
Modified: 2003-Mar-17
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 3
* Description: Candidate should know how to set up a basic level of host security. Tasks include syslog configuration, shadowed passwords, set up of a mail alias for root's mail and turning of all network services not in use.

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:
/etc/inetd.conf or /etc/inet.d/*
/etc/nologin
/etc/passwd
/etc/shadow
/etc/syslog.conf

* 1.114.3 Setup user level security
Modified: 2003-Mar-17
Maintainer: Kara Pritchard
Weight: 1
* Description: Candidate should be able to configure user level security. Tasks include limits on user logins, processes, and memory usage.

*Key files, terms, and utilities include:
quota
usermod